Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. It may be painful and tender when caused by an infection or trauma, or painless when caused by an autoimmune condition or medications.

There are several types of thyroiditis. The most common forms are:

• Hashimoto's disease
• Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
• Postpartum thyroiditis
• Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis
• Drug induced thyroiditis

Most forms of thyroiditis result in three phases: overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism), and return to normal.

When the thyroid is inflamed, it often releases to much thyroid hormone, causing hyperthyroidism. Then, when there is no more thyroid hormone to release, the body doesn't have enough, causing hypothyroidism.

Young to middle aged women are at greatest risk. However, some forms of thyroiditis happen in both men and women of all ages. Sometimes, you may develop hypothyroidism years later, even if the thyroiditis was treated.

Signs and Symptoms 

Depending on the type of thyroiditis, the thyroid gland can be:

• Firm and enlarged, but not tender
• Enlarged and painful, with pain extending to the jaw or ears
• Enlarged, but not painful
• Enlarged on only one side, hard like a stone, and sticking to other neck structures

You may also have one or more of the following symptoms:

• Cool, dry skin, slow pulse rate (fewer than 60 beats per minute), swelling around the eyes, hoarseness, or slow reflexes
• No desire to eat, feeling tired and unenergetic, and a slight fever
• Constipation
• A rapid heartbeat, slight nervousness, anxiety, weight loss of 5 - 10 pounds, and increased sweating

What Causes It?

Problems with the immune system, viruses, and fever disorders can cause thyroiditis. Sometimes thyroiditis develops if you have Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. Certain drugs, such as amiodarone, interferon-alpha, inter leukin-2, or lithium can also cause thyroiditis.

Pregnant women who test positive for the thyroid antibody during their first trimester have a 30 - 50% chance of developing thyroiditis after delivery. Too much iodine may also contribute to thyroid disorders. In some cases or thyroiditis, no cause can be found.

Treatment Options

Thyroiditis generally involves three phases: overactive phase, underactive phase, and return to normal. Treatment depends on type and phase.

Drug Therapies

Depending on the particular type of thyroiditis, a doctor may prescribe one or more of the following treatments:

• Levothyroxine, for hypothyroidism or large goiter
• Pain and inflammation relievers
• Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or dexamethasone, to reduce inflammation in severe cases
• Propanolol, for hyperthyroidism
• Thyroxine, to replace thyroid hormone (in cases of hypothyroidism)
• Short term beta blockers, for hyperthyroid symptoms
• Antibiotics

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

Alternative therapies can help when used along with the medications your health care provider prescribes, but do not use alternative therapies by themselves to treat thyroiditis. Make sure your doctor knows about any alternative therapies you are using or considering using. Some supplements can interfere with conventional medications.

Nutrition and Supplements

• Foods that lower thyroid activity are broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, spinach, turnips, soy, beans, and mustard greens. These foods may help if your thyroid gland is overactive (hyperthyroidism). if it is underactive, ask your doctor if you should avoid these foods. Use caution because people with thyroiditis can switch from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism very quickly.
• Avoid refined foods, sugar, dairy products, wheat, caffeine, alcohol.
• Essential fatty acids, found in flaxseed oil, fish oil, and borage oil, are anti-inflammatory. They can increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood-thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin.
• Bromelain, an enzyme from the pineapple plant, may reduce inflammation. It is often combined with turmeric, because turmeric makes the effects of bromelain stronger. Both bromelain and turmeric can increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood-thinners.
• Vitamin C; vitamin A; B complex, with vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), and B6 (pyridoxine); selenium, vitamin E, and zinc are needed for normal thyroid hormone production.
• L-carnitine -- may help treat hyperthyroidism that is caused by taking thyroid hormone for benign goiter. Taking thyroid hormone for goiter sometimes results in getting a little too much and having mild hyperthyroidism. One study found that among women taking thyroid hormone for benign goiter, taking l-carnitine reduced symptoms such as heart palpitations and nervousness. Researchers think l-carnitine may stop thyroid hormone from getting into the body's cells. L-carnitine may increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood-thinners.
• If you take thyroid hormone medication, talk to your doctor before eating soy. Some evidence suggests that soy may make it harder to absorb thyroid hormone.
• Iron may also interfere with the absorption of thyroid hormone medication.

Your health care provider may also recommend specific nutritional supplements for a hyperthyroid or hypothyroid condition.

Herbs

Herbs are a way to strengthen and tone the body's systems. As with any therapy, you should work with your health care provider to diagnose your problem before starting treatment. You may use herbs as dried extracts (capsules, powders, teas), glycerites (glycerine extracts), or tinctures (alcohol extracts). Unless otherwise indicated, make teas with 1 tsp. herb per cup of hot water. Steep covered 5 - 10 minutes for leaf or flowers, and 10 - 20 minutes for roots. Drink 2 - 4 cups per day. You may use tinctures alone or in combination as noted.

Talk to your health care provider before taking herbs for thyroiditis, particularly if you are also taking prescription medication.

For hyperthyroid conditions:

• Bugleweed (Lycopus virginica) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) may help normalize the overactive thyroid. Some animal and test tube studies suggest bugleweed may help, but there aren't any studies in humans. Bugleweed may interact with some diabetes medications.
• Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca) may help regulate rapid heartbeat, a common symptom of hyperthyroidism. Do not take motherwort along with sedating medications, including some antihistamines.
• Turmeric (Curcuma longa) makes the effect of bromelain stronger. Both turmeric and bromelain can increase the risk of bleeding, especially if you also take blood-thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin.
• Avoid ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), as they can make hyperthyroidism worse.

For hypothyroid conditions:

• Coleus forskohlii has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to stimulate thyroid function, although there aren't any scientific studies using it to treat hypothyroidism. Do not take coleus if you are taking blood-thinners such as warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin, or nitrates such as nitroglycerine. Coleus may lower blood pressure, so if you take medications for high blood pressure you run the risk of your blood pressure dropping too low.

You should carefully monitor any treatment for lowering or raising thyroid function because thyroiditis may switch from hyperthyroidism to hypothyroidism very quickly.

Homeopathy

Homeopathy may be useful as a supportive therapy for both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Physical Medicine

Exercise helps improve thyroid function for both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture may help correct hormonal imbalances and address underlying deficiencies and excesses involved in thyroiditis.

Massage

Therapeutic massage may relieve stress and increase the sense of well being.

Following Up

Your health care provider may order frequent blood tests to make sure your thyroid hormone levels fall within the normal range.

Special Considerations

Thyroid disorders are one of the most common endocrine disorders in pregnant women. Even mild thyroid hormone deficiency can cause problems with the fetus, so your doctor will watch your thryoid levels closely.

Article courtesy of the University of Maryland Medical Center, and found with sources here: http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/condition/thyroiditis